Cognitive Biases

Cognitive biases are systematic patterns of deviation from rationality in judgment. They arise from mental shortcuts (heuristics) that the brain uses to process information quickly, often leading to perceptual distortion, inaccurate judgment, or illogical interpretation.

• Anchoring Bias
• Authority-Misinfluence Tendency
• Availability Bias
• Confirmation Bias
• Contrast Misreaction Tendency
• Delusion
• Denial
• Deprival-Superreaction Tendency
• Disliking and Hating Tendency
• Doubt-Avoidance Tendency
• Dunning-Kruger Effect
• Envy and Jealousy Tendency
• Hindsight Bias
• Inconsistency-Avoidance Tendency
• Influence from Mere Association
• Liking and Loving Tendency
• Lollapalooza Tendency
• Motivated Reasoning
• Overconfidence
• Rationalization
• Reciprocation Tendency
• Selection Bias
• Self-Justification
• Social Proof
• Sunk Cost Fallacy
• Survivorship Bias
• Tribalism
• Wishful Thinking

Frameworks

• Munger’s 25 Tendencies — Charlie Munger’s catalog of 25 causes of human misjudgment (several map to the biases above)

Related

• Critical Thinking
• Mental Models
• Logical Fallacies
• Cognitive Traps in Intelligence Analysis — Heuer’s framework; several traps map directly to biases listed above